| LC control no. | sh2004006857 |
|---|---|
| LC classification | DS328.4.X53 |
| Topical heading | Xianbei (Asian people) |
| Variant(s) | Hsien-pei (Asian people) Hsien-pi (Asian people) Murong Xianbei (Asian people) Olakko (Asian people) Särbi (Asian people) Serbi (Asian people) Tabgatch (Asian people) Taghbach (Asian people) T'o pa (Asian people) Toba (Asian people) Tufa Xianbei (Asian people) Tuoba Xianbei (Asian people) Wuluohou (Asian people) Xianbi (Asian people) |
| See also | Ethnology--Asia |
| Found in | Work cat.: 2004639292: Nei Menggu Diqu Xianbei mu zang de fa xian yu yan jiu, 2004. Collier's: v. 3, p. 83 ("As for the Hsien-pei ... their identification is also uncertain, but it is highly probable that they spoke an Altaic language") Encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com WWW site, July 28, 2004: Xianbei ("The Xianbei ... [Hsien-pi in Wade-Giles] [was] a significant nomadic people residing in modern Manchuria and eastern Mongolia before migrating into areas of the modern provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, and Liaoning. The Xianbei people actually consisted of a federation of sizeable non-Han groups ... They first became a significant part of Chinese culture during the Han period ... After the fall of the Han dynasty, the Xianbei formed a number of empires of their own ... most significantly, the Northern Wei. By the time of the Tang dynasty, they had largely merged with [the] Han populace by adopting Chinese customs, administration, and language") Perkins, D. Encyclopedia of China, 1999: p. 363 ("[The] Northern Wei dynasty (386-534) ... [was] established in north China by ... a branch of the nomadic tribe known as the Xianbei ... who had settled in the region of modern Shanxi Province after the fall of the Han dynasty ...") Tiscali.reference WWW site, July 28, 2004: Three Kingdoms ("Northern China fell under the control of the Sixteen Dynasties from 317 to 386, before the rise of the Northern Wei (386-535), founded by the barbarian Xianbi (Hsien-pi) ...") Northern Wei (386-534), 2023: CIP galley (The Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba)-- Northern Wei-- "As is often the case in this period, we do not directly know the name used by the people from whom these agents came. We do have a phonetic transcription in Literary Chinese, the language of administration used by many in medieval East Asia,including the scribes of the Wei emperors: "Wuluohou" 烏洛侯 , which one modern scholar has reconstructed as "Olakko"; the Xianbei 鮮卑, or in the reconstruction used in this book, the Serbi; In the year 45 ce, the Serbi first appear in Chinese text; the Serbi are said to have remained independent by fleeing further north or further east. It is claimed that they took the name from a "great Mount Serbi," which among other things has been identified as the Khingans; The name, however, is really only a loose ethnic and linguistic designator, by which Chinese referred to those of this sort who had remained free of Xiongnu control) World history: a comprehensive reference set, 2016 via Credo reference, viewed online January 10, 2023: Toba (T'o-pa) dynasty (The Toba, or Northern Wei, were nomads variously described as belonging to Tungustic or Turkic ethnicity; In 386 the Toba established a dynasty called the Northern Wei that would control most of northern and northwestern China until 534; The Toba converted to Buddhism; In 494 the Northern Wei government outlawed the Toba language, names, and clothing and ordered the Toba people to adopt Chinese names and clothes and to use Chinese exclusively; The imperial family led the way by adopting the surname Yuan; Claiming to be the legitimate successor of ancient Chinese dynasties, the government forbade tribal ritual and allowed only Confucian and Buddhist observances; Intermarriage between the tribal aristocracy and Chinese upper classes was actively encouraged; These policies resulted in a severe split among the Toba) THE XIANBEI IN CHINESE HISTORY, Early Medieval China, 2013:19, 1-38: page 1, etc. (The Xianbei were perhaps the most prominent of the various non-Chinese peoples active in north China during the Age of Division; Xianbei 鮮卑people; Even the name "Xianbei" itself is merely the modern standard Chinese pronunciation of the two characters with which early Chinese authors decided to transcribe the word, rather than an original native name; Modern scholars have attempted to reconstruct that native original as possibly sounding something like "Särbi'" but this can only be a conjecture; The various Xianbei groups in Mongolia were initially not unified, but in the mid-second century a mighty leader named Tanshihuai 檀石槐(ca. 136--181 CE) briefly pulled together much of the population of the eastern steppes; In the third century, the Tuoba Xianbei were led by the Tuoba clan (then based near the top of the Yellow River's great northward loop), while the Murong Xianbei 慕容鮮卑were led by the Murong, based in southern Manchuria; One Tuoba sub-chieftain, then, apparently led his own personal following west of the Yellow River sometime in the mid-third century, eventually settling in the area of Gansu and Qinghai, where they formed a short-lived Chinese-style dynasty called Southern Liang (397--414), and came to be known by what was probably a variant pronunciation of Tuoba, as the Tufa 禿髮Xianbei) <https://doi.org/10.1179/1529910413Z.0000000006> Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Aug. 2018, viewed online Feb, 3, 2023: Wei dynasty (Wei dynasty, Chinese in full (Pinyin) Bei Wei or (Wade-Giles romanization) Pei Wei, English Northern Wei, also called Tabgatch or (Pinyin) Tuoba, (386--534/535 CE), the longest-lived and most powerful of the northern Chinese dynasties that existed before the reunification of China under the Sui and Tang dynasties) |
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